Definition of packet ship or packet liner

Packet ships, packet liners, or simply packets, were sailing ships of the early 1800s that did something which was novel at the time: they departed from port on a regular schedule.   The typical packet sailed between American and British ports, and the ships themselves were designed for the North Atlantic, where storms and rough seas were common. The first of the packet lines was the Black Ball Line, which began sailing between New York City and Liverpool in 1818. The line originally had four ships, and it advertised that one of its ships would leave New York on the first of each month. The regularity of the schedule was an innovation at the time. Within a few years several other companies followed the example of the Black Ball Line, and the North Atlantic was being crossed by ships that regularly battled the elements while remaining close to schedule. The packets, unlike the later and more glamorous clippers, were not designed for speed. They carried cargo and passengers, and for several decades packets were the most efficient way to cross the Atlantic. The use of the word packet to denote a ship began as early as the 16th century, when mail referred to as the packette was carried on ships between England and Ireland. The sail packets were eventually replaced by steamships, and the phrase steam packet became common in the mid-1800s. Also Known As: Atlantic packet

Essay about Love in Poems - 2986 Words

Love in Poems Robert Browning’s poem â€Å"My Last Duchess† is based on a real story about the fifth Duke of Ferrera in the Renaissance period. He married a 14-year-old named Lucrezia and then left her for a two-year period. She died at the age of 17. In this poem, the Duke is now looking for a second wife-to-be. Robert Browning is one of the greatest poets in the Victorian age. He writes romantic poems and he expresses love in this poem as obsessive. The poem’s rhyme scheme is a, a, b, b. This is a dramatic monologue. This is the kind of poem where there is only one speaker. In this poem it is the duke. At the very start of the poem, we are already given the idea that the Duke is a proud man especially with his art collections.†¦show more content†¦He thinks that the duchess should give him all her attention to himself including his power and rank. The duke is very possessive about his wife. The main point of this poem is how the Duke always wants attention for himself. He thinks he deserves all that especially when in his own home. He always takes action and power over those lower than him. â€Å"I gave commands; then all smiles stopped altogether†. If the Duchess smiles to everybody, maybe the Duke did something about it to stop them from smiling back. The Duchess’ humility and good nature to anyone else disgusted him. The Duchess can never know the cause of his anger because the Duke never tells her why. â€Å"Or that in you disgust me; here you miss†¦and I choose never to stoop.† Lastly, the Duke finally allows the listener to rise and â€Å"meet the company below†. He was referring to his servants and Robert Browning still stresses the point of his wealth and power over his household. By showing the last Duchess’ painting, could it be that the Duke will repeat the marriage to his new wife-to-be? â€Å"His fair daughter’s self†¦is my object†, will she too be like the last Duchess? We will never know because Browning’s poem ends with the Duke boasting about his other pieces of art like â€Å"Neptune†. Robert Browning has another romantic poem entitled â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover†. This is another monologue. Robert Browning also portrays obsessive love as heShow MoreRelatedLove Poem963 Words   |  4 Pages Love Poem: Linda Pastan Have you ever been in love? Do you even know what love is? Love is a feeling that at times can feel indescribable. It makes you do crazy things. Love makes you blind and no matter your circumstances with that person, if you love them you will go that extra mile for them. In this essay I will talk about the â€Å"Love Poem† by Linda Pastan. In the following paragraphs I will go in depth and break down the poems to help understand theRead MoreThemes Of Love And A Poem2019 Words   |  9 Pagesof different â€Å"Love Poems†. 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The title suggests that this poet will list how she loves a certain person and in how many different ways and the poem does exactly that, Elizabeth also compares her love to things that it is not possible to live without. The languageRead MoreThe Comparison of Two Love Poems634 Words   |  3 PagesThe poem â€Å"How Do I Love Thee†, by Elizabeth Barrett Browning, and â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed†, by Edna Vincent Millay are both well-known poems that both have themes of love. (LIT, Kirszner Mandell, Pg. 490). In both poems the poet helps the reader experience a lot of emotion with the use of certain words. There are speakers in both poems. In Mrs. Browning’s poem, the speaker is undefined, leaving open that the speaker could be a he or she. Millay’s poem which is written in first person, theRead MoreEgyptian Love Poems Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesTable of contents 1. Introduction 3 2. How they made sense of love 3 3. Girl, boy and society 4 4. 3 Themes of love prevalent in Love Songs 5 5. Conclusion 6 6. Work cited 7 1. Introduction During the time of ancient Egypts New Kingdom, love songs were recorded and later discovered by excavators. The importances of these songs are that they contradicted the perception which Egyptologists had of the ancient Egyptians. No longer were the ancient Egyptians viewed as beingRead MoreLove Poems for that Special Lady2111 Words   |  9 PagesLOVE POEMS FOR THAT SPECIAL LADY ROY L KEITH Copyright Page content to be provided by TRAFFORDâ€Æ' INTRODUCTION I AM DEDICATING THIS TO A LOVELY LADY THAT INSPIRED ME TO WRITE THESE POEMS. EVEN THOUGH I CAN’T EXPRESS MY DEEPEST GRATITUDE TO HER. I DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO HER. THANKS FOR EVERYTHING APRIL.â€Æ' A Single Rose All the love that history knows, is said to be in a single rose. Yet all that could be found in two, is less than what I feel for you. Angels Read MoreLove and Death Poem Analysis2154 Words   |  9 PagesPOETRY – Poems about Love DIRECTIONS: Discuss the attitude/tone of the poem and the theme in your small groups. Afterward, write down your conclusions regarding the tone and theme of poems about a similar subject. |â€Å"The Quiet World† |â€Å"Flirtation† |â€Å"Song: To Celia |â€Å"love is more thicker than forget† |â€Å"Neutral Tones† | | | Read MoreThe Book Of Love Poems By Rumi2083 Words   |  9 PagesMysticism in the book of love poems by rumi To have an in depth understanding of mysticism is largely the central work to accepting and embracing Rumi s ideas , thoughts and beliefs which would to some modern philosophers sound absurd, fanatical and delusional.Infact with Bertrand Russell, who famously wrote a book called Mysticism and Logic. His point was that you cannot be a mystic and a rational person at one and the same time. Indeed, the enlightened position of the modern intellectual

Commerce Essay Example For Students

Commerce Essay Should the study of religion be left to religious people? Write an essay of not more than 1200 words. Assuming that religion here has the same meaning as one of the definitions referred to in O U Block 4 Unit 14 (and in particular is an activity caught by Ninian Smarts The Nature of Religion, A5 Resource Book 3) we still need to know what is meant by religious people before we can properly answer the question posed for this essay. By religious people, presumably the question is not referring to theologians but ordinary people who follow a particular religion. If that is the case then it is felt that the study of religion should be left to religious people. However, this is not without its problems. We will write a custom essay on Commerce specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the problems in leaving the study of religion to religious people is in determining whether they will be objective. Will a Christian when studying, say, Islamic Fundamentalism, be prejudiced in favour of his own faith or will he treat the Islamic religion impartially? Until the Enlightenment in the eighteenth century, Christians referred to, for instance, Judaism as being false or devilish. It was only after the Enlightenment that Europeans gave names to religions other than those found on the continent and although these were European inventions they were not always right. For example, according to Bill Heilbronn (an authority on Hinduism) , Hinduism was wrongly named and should have correctly been referred to as the Vedic religion.It could be argued that non religious scholars are better placed to study religion.They are usually analytical, dispassionate and, because they have no affinity to one particular, or indeed any religion, can study religion without fear of being acc used of prejudice or bias. But what happens when they come up against so called miracles will they remain dispassionate? Take the case of the woman who became pregnant and gave birth after having received a liver transplant (apparently believed to be only the third woman in the world to have had a baby after such a transplant).Her obstetrician is reported as sayingdoctors are supposed to be cool and professional. But when we come into contact with miracles we find ourselves asking questions about the mystery of life. : see The Times, 11th June 1998, p 1. Will non religious people have a feel for a religion? Whilst they will be able to study a specific religions beliefs, ceremonies, artefacts, dogma etc. will they be aware of the nuances or idiosyncrasies of that religion or have sympathy with it? Take David R. Kinsley writing about Hinduism (or should one now say the Vedic Religion?!) in Introduction: Benares. Here, Kinsley can be said to be non religious in that clearly he is not a Hindu. His witting testimony is there for us to read: for instance his description of the great number of ascetics to be found in the city of Benares and of their activities. His unwitting testimony, however, is more interesting. He unwittingly shows himself to be a non Hindu, an outsider if you like, by phrases such as transience of the worldly life they the ascetics have renounced or their only possessions are a pot and a staff . A Hindu writing about his own religion would feel no need to comment on these matters raised by Kinsley the Hindu (the relig ious person in this context) would be only too well aware of their significance; in other words be well aware of the nuances of his religion and can therefore bring about a better understanding of it. According to the prospectus from Cambridge University for its Theological and Religious Studies Tripos religion is still a crucial factor for many nations and communities, as well as for individuals searching for meaning, or confronting fundamental issues of war and peace, freedom and bondage, good and evil. With so much at stake, can the study of religion safely be left to anybody but a religious person?Can such study be left to a person (i.e. a non religious person) who has no faith in anybody or anything but himself? I think not. This line of thought is following the argument that because religion can be said to be a totally distinct and unique category of human experience it is beyond the comprehension of those who have not felt this experience directly. This is put most succinctly by Otto when he says:-The reader is invited to direct his mind to a moment of deeply-felt religious experience, as little as possible qualified by other forms of consciousness. Whoever cannot do this, whoever knows no such moments in his experience, is requested to read no further; my italics for it is not easy to discuss questions of religious psychology with one who cannot recollect the emotions of his adolescence, the discomforts of indigestion, or, say, social feelings, but cannot recall any intrinsically religious feelingsOtto. R. (1970, 2nd edn) The Idea of the Holy, Oxford University PressOf course, there are those people (according to Gwilym Beckerlegge writing in Section 6 of Units 14/15) who, regardless of whether they are religious or not, strive for an impartial approach not shaped by their own beliefs. But this takes us into the realms of Religious Studies something which, it could be said, is not within the parameters of the question which has been set here. Most reli gious people are devout, serious, honest and trustworthy. If they carry these attributes into their study of religion then surely their work on religion will be all the more worthwhile and respected. With faith in their own religion in particular, and understanding of religious concepts in general, not only can they better study and appreciate their own religion but will bring to the study of other religions an insight and perception that might not be the case with a non religious person studying religion. .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 , .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .postImageUrl , .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 , .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784:hover , .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784:visited , .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784:active { border:0!important; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784:active , .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784 .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d3079f29281783b23b404b862be8784:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Achondroplasia EssayBibliography:

Impact of Reducing Overtime Penalty Rates

Question: Describe about the Impact of Reducing Overtime Penalty Rates. Answer: Introduction In contemporary corporate business, industry ethics concern the moral judgement of an individual to decide what is right and wrong. Through the identification corporate responsibilities, business ethics and code of conduct within the organisation have established the highest level of trust within the affiliates and business entities (Moon, 2011). Business ethics have delivered moral principles to a corporate business structure to determine the actions and activities within the organisational structure. For instance, business ethics prohibit modern organisation to condemn the practices such as child labour and bribery. Moreover, business ethics make the organisational management more responsible so that the administration can treat each of the subordinates in a fair way (Goodpaster, 2011). Understandably, business ethics enforce corporate sustainability creating fair competitive practices. Also, business ethics contribute towards corporate social responsibility practices so that organisations can deliver an aggressive return to the society. In order to govern the ethical and legal standards for employees and employers in Australia, the Fair Work Commission has been identified as Australias nationwide Bureau of relations tribunal. The commission regulates fair policies and competitor regulations promoting rights of the stakeholders. In order to resolve the issues in ethics, Fair Work Amendment Act 2013 and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth) can be enforced to reduce the grievances of the plaintiff (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2016). Issues regarding reducing overtime penalty rates Introduce and explain the issue Employees working in Australian corporate firms are often given overtime penalty rates for working on weekends, public holidays, late night shifts, overtime and early morning shifts. In the contemporary business situation, a deduction of overtime penalty rates in different industries can create so many issues within the organisational management. High amount overtime penalty rates and night shift loadings have influenced the workforce to work in a dedicated way (ABC News, 2015). In the case of reducing the overtime penalty rates, the adjusted pay rates might not meet the requirement of the employees (Harrison, 2015). Moreover, considering the business ethics, human resources must be paid sufficiently for their excess work during weekends, public holidays or overtime. Predictably, the recommendation of reducing the overtime penalty rates has been strongly objected by the unions (ABC News, 2015). Due to such decline in overtime penalty rates can create an adverse impact on the wage structure as well. Moreover, the employers association has welcomed the recommendations (Jones, 2011). Invariably, the deduction of penalty rates will be eventually profitable for the employers. Under the current scenario, productivity of the firms can get affected on a serious note. Notably, the Fair Work Commission must consider the change in overtime penalty rates as one of the most sensitive issues. Example of the issue The primary example of the issue is the conflict among the employee unions in different part of the country. The controversy related to the recommendations made by critics is the major example of the issues that may create fall of production in the weekends (Moon, 2011). Currently, a strike occurred in the Gold Coast Port of Brisbane which is an important trade centre for the country (ABC News, 2015). The strike occurred due to conflict between the trade unions and employers in the region regarding the minimum wage rate increase and overtime penalties. Hence, it can be seen that the reduction in the overtime penalty rates will result in loss of productivity and loyalty of the employees towards the company. Impact on workplace The main impact of the reducing overtime penalties will hit the workplace with poor productivity and motivation towards the work on weekends. The employees will not feel motivated to work overtime on Sundays (Lippke, 2011). Hence, it will impact productivity of the organisations and performance of the workforce. Furthermore, the reduction in the overtime penalties will make the employers benefited due to reduction in the payroll expenses for the weekends (Jones, 2011). The reduction will result in a conflict between the employee unions and employers. It will result in strikes and social conflict in the economy. Hence, it is recommended to the government of Australia not to reduce the overtime penalty rates. Conclusion It can be seen from the above analysis that the government policy to reduce the overtime penalty rates will benefit the employers and will result in workplace conflicts in the organisations. It will reduce the motivation level of the employees and impact the productivity of the organisation. Furthermore, the policy will result in conflict among the employees who are not willing to work on holidays and employers paying less for the overtimes. Hence, it is recommended to provide the employees with other benefits such as rewards on hundred percent attendance and gift coupons to work on holidays to eliminate the negative impacts of the policy. Furthermore, the companies can use other means such as employing part time workers at low rates for working on holidays. Hence, the alternative means can be used by the organisations to mitigate the issues of reducing overtime penalty rates. References ABC News. (2015).Productivity Commission backs abolishing Sunday penalty rates. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-21/productivity-commission-recommends-changes-to-penalty-rates/7045624 [Accessed Sep. 2016]. ABC News. (2015).Reducing penalty rates makes economic but not political sense (at least for now). [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-01/smith-reducing-penalty-rates/6818876 [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Fair Work Ombudsman. (2016).Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website. [online] Available at: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/pay/penalty-rates-and-allowances [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Goodpaster, K. (2011). Business Ethics and Stakeholder Analysis.Business Ethics Quarterly, 1(1), p.53. Harrison, S. (2015). Varying rates for unsocial hours undermines deal.Nursing Standard, 19(17), pp.5-5. Jones, S. (2011). Penalty Rates under Challenge.Journal of Industrial Relations, 23(4), pp.504-507. Lippke, R. (2011). A Critique of Business Ethics.Business Ethics Quarterly, 1(4), p.367. Moon, C. (2011).Business ethics. London: Economist.

An Investigation To See How Resistance Can Be Changed By Variables Essay Example

An Investigation To See How Resistance Can Be Changed By Variables Essay In order for the resistance to be changed I need to know the variables. To keep the current constant using an ammeter and variable resistor you will insure that you are not changing a constant. Copper wire will be used to link up the circuit this gives such little resistance that it is normally regarded as having no resistance. I think I will use size 24 wire as it is not to small and will not burn (giving an odd result) and not to big that so the resistance is not to high.Three wires that are available are Copper, Nicrome and Constanton. The highest resistance should give me greater variance at the extremes so it is easier to record. In a pre-test I shall find out which wire has the highest resistance, before I decide which one to use. The only problem with using the highest resistance is that if temperature is increased so will the resistances, so voltage will have to be low enough to not effect results.Variables;Wire Type- there are three types of wires Copper, Nicrome and Constan ton. I will be using Constant as it gave the best range with out compromise of heat or length.Wire Length- the longer the wire the greater the resistance. I will be changing the variable wire length between a range.Cross Sectional Area- this is proportional to resistant and length so will not effect results.Current- this will be kept low so will not become hot, and effect resistance. A set value will be decided.Temperature-the higher the temperature the wire is at the more resistant it becomes and will be cheap low enough not to let the temperature increase.Equtions;R = VI Resistance is equal to Voltage/CurrentR LC.S.ACircuit;Outline Plan;* The variable I will be changing is length of Constanton wire.* I will find the length in a pre-test. I will also combine the to together to find out the range of length with the wire type.* I prepare the equipment setting out the circuit as shown and always making sure the amp. Meter reads 0.1 amps, to a nearest decimal place. To obtain this can be done by moving the variable amp. Meter as it is making sure the content is constant as the resister is not a value if the amp. Meter reads 0.1amps.* Check the wire for short circuits, turning on power if there is no wires touching.* Ensure voltage is low enough for the amp. Meter to read 0.1 amps.* Take results moving the length and repeating evaluate data collect any more data if there is any anomalous and needs checking out.* Pack up equipment.* Analysis and the resulting data conclusion including graphs.* Evaluating data- showing strengths and weaknesses of the plan and data collected.Plan;To measure the distance of the wire, I will measure going in ten centimetres from ten to ninety. I will be using a meter stick and carefully stuck the wire to it. This insured that the same wire is used and measured in the same way if I have to collect data on anther day.* Step one- ensure power supply is not on when putting socket into switch.* Step two- set the wire and the measuring stick up using masking tape to attach it.* Step three- set up the circuit making sure all the connections are together and no wire is crossing.* Step four- making sure power pack is on a low voltage and switched on take readings.* Step five- ensure meter is reading out 0.1 amps. when taking results make sue they are not silly or look out of place.* Step six- repeat steps before until all data is collected,* Step seven- look at the data for anomalies, if there are any repeat length, and discard odd data. Turn off power.* Step eight- pack up equipment putting it back into the right place. Making sure no wires are burn or damaged.Remember: the electrical current or voltage is low coming out of the power pack but this does not mean that you can not get an electrical shock.Pre-test;We set the experiment as if it was the true experiment but only took the reading for the wires at the extremes, this would identify the range between. This would help me decide if the length of wire was also a good length to chose or if it need to be changed accordingly as well as the wire type.Constanton 24 swglengthAmps.Voltage1 meter0.10.4710 centimetres0.120.04Copper 24 swg1 meter0.130.0210 centimetres0.130.12Nicrome 24 swg1 meter0.120.6610 centimetres0.140.13The range I have chose seems to give me enough variance between the two extremes for Constanton and Nicrome. I think I will use Constanton wire as it gave me a good range without exceeding the current that will be kept constant.Measurements and Observations;I will be measuring using a led screen with a digital out put to record my results with this will round up some figures but the rounding up will be so minor it hopefully should not effect the results. The relationship between swg and mm in the size of diameter can be found in the table. The size I will use is 24 or 0.56 mm. I will have to look out for gaps in my circuit because if the circuit is not complete the reading will become very high and not change, this would give me odd results and would have to be corrected in order to keep all the data consistent.Here is a table of variables and the value they will be; (next to this table there will be anther table on relationship between swg and mm for diameter of the wire)VariablesValuesWire TypeConstantonWire LengthVaries, as it is the value testing.The range will be between 10 cm to 90cmC.S.AThis will be kept at 24swg or 0.56mmCurrent0.1 to 2 decimal placesTemperatureThe wire should not heat up with the lowcurrent so will not be a factorSize in swgDiameter in mm200.9240.56280.4320.28360.2This is the table of variables all these will be carried out in the experiment to insure it is a fair and even test.Equipment;The equipment needed for this experiment is;* Power pack- to insure there is a low current.* Variable Resistor- for fine-tuning of the current so is stays the same.* Wires- linking the circuit together made from copper.* Crocodile clips- to go on the end of the wires to attach them selves firmly to the wire.* Meter ruler- so measurements are accurate the wire will be stuck onto the stick so no stretching or weakness occurs when taking results.* Masking tape- to attach the wire onto the ruler making sure you can reach the wire you are connecting the stick.* Voltage meter measures the output data. (make sure this in parallel to the circuit or all the readings will be the same)* Amp. Meter- to insure impute data is all of the same current level.Readings and number of readings;I will be taking around three result for each lengths of the wire however if there is an anomalies the whole lengths for that go will be redone to make sure the readings are correct. The suspected anomalies are going to be any data that goes to far from the other collected data and may change the figure when rounding later in the analysis. The data will be collected to 2 decimal places as the reading on the voltage meter and ammeter will only go that far with in a sensible boundary. This means however it might have some influence on the results, a more accurate way is needed with more figures and the digital output longer.Prediction;The resistance of wire should depend on the variable chosen to control but the length. When electrons travel through the wire they will collide with particles slowing the electron down. When they collide they use energy up and the voltage increases, as more energy is required to make the electrons move. This should means the longer the piece of wire the more collisions that will that place during the circuit. When the wire is short but thick in diameter the electrons will travel through using up less energy and colliding less, as they all travel through the distance and get through quicker. This means if you have a long thin, wire the resistance is high as they have more distance to travel so more opportunities for the electrons to collide.The diameter is then proportional to the length with resistance. This shows that wire does have a variance and is dependan t on the wire chosen. As the diameter is the same the distance shall only matter. I predict if the electrons collide once in ten centimetres they should roughly collide twice every twenty centimetres. This should give me a straight line when drawing a graph. The gradient of this line will be determined by the amount if resistance intentionally of the wire, and will stay constant al the way through giving a straight line of best fit.Obtaining Evidence;To see if the data I collected had any patterns or similarities I put in a data so it would be easily processed and easy to note down the values while doing the experiment. Here is the data collected;Results;Lengths of Constanton wire in cm to 1 d.p.Voltage Output in Volts to 2d.p.Average VoltageThe range of the readings 10cm to 90cm.(V)in volts to d.p (V)100.070.040.040.040.04200.090.090.090.090.09300.130.140.130.140.14400.180.190.180.190.19500.240.230.230.230.23600.270.290.270.270.28700.310.360.320.320.32800.370.380.370.360.37900.40.4 30.410.410.42With the data collected it can now be processed the average is the process that rounds of the figures so they are closer, and more accurate. The resistance is worked out so a graph can be drawn this helps me see if the data has a relationship (straight or cured line) and to see if any anomalies are present or figures that do not quite fit the others when a best fit line goes throughout them. The best-fit line is there not joining all the points unless they have a certain relationship followed through out the whole data, is there is no relationship the graph will not have a best fit line but will join up the points, only on a line graph.Analysis Evidence and Drawing Conclusion;Lengths of Constanton wire in cm to 1 d.p.Ohms resistance in ohms(?)The range of the readings 10cm to 90cm.100.4200.9301.4401.9502.3602.8703.2803.7904.2The real value of the wire can be found out the real value for Constanton is 4.7? for a meter if I take 50cm as an example the 4.7? would be divide d into 2 as 50cm is half that of a meter. The true result should have been 2.35? the result I found was 0.05? of this point. This could be explained by the rounding of some figure but it is so close I believe my experiment was well executed as it almost gained the true value. This would be the best I could have hoped for using the limited decimal places by the digital read out.(See graph of result and notice the straight line of best fit showing a define relationship)Conclusion;The data I collected make it possible to simulate and work our calculations producing a graph with line of best fit. The data could be used for working out the resistance per meter of wire, and the average of the results that it needed in order to be worked out. With this data I plotted a graph, it was straight and has a best line going almost all trough the points. The prediction estimated that the data would produce a straight line on the graph and would be the same gradient. The data drawnshows this and sh owed that the prediction was in the right area of view. The prediction did not estimate the gradient of the line this was almost impossible from the initial data collected. The results could curve if the prediction was not correct and if it did it would be difficult to estimate this, this would only be viewed on a graph so all the data would have to been collected to see the results. The line does not goes exactly go through all the points as some margin of error is always expected, but the are very close to the line. If the true value is worked out for fifty centimetres it is only 0.05? out of the value which has been recorded in perfect laboratory conditions and with higher accuracy measuring machines than for two decimal places. The true value of the wire is 4.7? for the meter and when 2.35? for fifty centimetres, the value I reached was 2.3?. This is very close and could be accounted for rounding of values on the digital output of only two decimal places.Evaluating Evidence;The data collected was collected in the same way and with the same instruments. It is very close to the real value and I believe it is a good indication that when the length of the wire is increased the resistance does as well in almost set values for different wires. This would give a straight line on the graph that was produced when the data collected was plotted. The only slight waver in the result when the had be processed was the data for the length 0.7 meters, this is so slight how ever that it is of no worry as it still is clearly next to the line and is following the pattern but with slight irregularity. The length was chosen to be in the middle value of 24 swg so it would not heat up and make the resistance even higher. This chose the gradient of the line as it was propitiation the resistance and is the mains other factor in the wire that may have determined what the results would be. The equipment there was no problems with the working order but there was in the limitation of the two decimal places on the out put screen. The other explanation for this is that the current was changing and be corrected to 0.1 amps, this was done but with the limited display could not see how far away the value was. If it was lower it would give a slightly lower result with no indications through the method suggested or show up until all the result have been sorted and calculations made on the data.The other difficulty I can think about would be the movement of the wire and the crocodile clip, if it were not placed exactly on the same length each time the display may flicker and add a value on or way. The data collected was also taken from the digital out put however this out put was changing or flicking from different values. It was taken on my discretion, the result I chose was that which it seemed to stay on the most or the highest value if roughly the same.Information collected in this experiment could be compared with data of other resistance of wires to see if the res istance or gradient of the line if graphs were drawn, was the same or if it was completely random from metal to metal. This would help decide how resistant the wire becomes and if extended the length and it discontinuation or continued. The other interesting things to continue with the experiment would be the connection of other alloys and their relationship with themselves, and heavier and lighter alloys of the same type.The data collected and compared would then be used to see how effective the alloy is at resistance and how far this resistance extents till it is all off one metal or the other. This extra work would make sure the length is constant for all wires, also comparing with alloys and their effect on the gradient would be noted on how much the compound changes the resistance. This work would make the information gather from this experiment valid and help find out the effect on changing the concentration of metals.The experiment followed the original prediction and with on ly a slight waver with length 0.7 meters the true vale was almost completely correct and could only be made clearer of error if more accurate measurement equipment was available.

Free Essays on Colosseum

When tracing back to different time periods, cultures and civilizations, the ancient Roman Empire possessed probably the most impressive architecture of all time. In the early centuries, the city of Rome was home to more than one million residents. The forums for civic services, temples of worship, and amphitheaters for recreation and play, were just some examples of fine building monuments located in Rome. Arches, columns, and mechanical elements in pulleys and elevators were pioneered by the Romans. However, when one tends to think of great buildings in Rome, one building stands alone. This building is the Flavian Amphitheater, or better known as the Colosseum. To fully understand the form and function of the Colosseum, one must realize the time, place, and culture of this great monument. In the beginning, Rome was both influenced by the Etruscans of the North and Greeks of Italy and South but had its basic roots from a long time of Samnite domination. The Etruscans were that of an interesting type as described by Peter Quennell: The Etruscans...combined a passionate devotion to the ordinary pleasures of life with a haunting fear of death. They were cruel, too, and deeply superstitious...their victims were ordered to fight among themselves until the last had fallen. The Etruscans would have a strong impression in Roman lifestyles and philosophies. For example, the purple robe worn by leaders would be later adopted by the Romans. They also were the influence which brought gladiatorial battles of sacrifice into the Roman culture. This was a time of blood thirsty humans who loved the site of battle. Even an early Christian named Alypius proc laimed that he "took away with him a mad passion which prodded him not only to return (to gladiator events) with those by whom he had first been forced in, but even ahead of them and dragging in others." This was a time of paganism, which meant sacrifice and death. In the first few centuries ear... Free Essays on Colosseum Free Essays on Colosseum When tracing back to different time periods, cultures and civilizations, the ancient Roman Empire possessed probably the most impressive architecture of all time. In the early centuries, the city of Rome was home to more than one million residents. The forums for civic services, temples of worship, and amphitheaters for recreation and play, were just some examples of fine building monuments located in Rome. Arches, columns, and mechanical elements in pulleys and elevators were pioneered by the Romans. However, when one tends to think of great buildings in Rome, one building stands alone. This building is the Flavian Amphitheater, or better known as the Colosseum. To fully understand the form and function of the Colosseum, one must realize the time, place, and culture of this great monument. In the beginning, Rome was both influenced by the Etruscans of the North and Greeks of Italy and South but had its basic roots from a long time of Samnite domination. The Etruscans were that of an interesting type as described by Peter Quennell: The Etruscans...combined a passionate devotion to the ordinary pleasures of life with a haunting fear of death. They were cruel, too, and deeply superstitious...their victims were ordered to fight among themselves until the last had fallen. The Etruscans would have a strong impression in Roman lifestyles and philosophies. For example, the purple robe worn by leaders would be later adopted by the Romans. They also were the influence which brought gladiatorial battles of sacrifice into the Roman culture. This was a time of blood thirsty humans who loved the site of battle. Even an early Christian named Alypius proc laimed that he "took away with him a mad passion which prodded him not only to return (to gladiator events) with those by whom he had first been forced in, but even ahead of them and dragging in others." This was a time of paganism, which meant sacrifice and death. In the first few centuries ear...

Rent and Urban Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Rent and Urban Economics - Essay Example According to this theory, there are factors which constitute the differences in locations and it includes localized materials, amenities and transport cost (Answers.com). Von Thnen posits that transportation costs constitutes or consumes Ricardo's economic rent that's why "because these transportation costs and, of course, economic rents, vary across goods, different land uses and use intensities will result with distance from the marketplace". In the table we observed differences in rates across the different locations. The theory suggests that part of this difference is accrued to the transportation cost. Real Estates including residential areas near the industrial and commercial districts are priced higher than those which are farther. This is explained by the differences in transportation cost as the former requiring minimal time, effort and financial costs in travelling. We expect that the commercial districts house the necessaries that consumers usually go to such as the office, schools, groceries, malls, shops and others. In this theory, the West End is obviously in the advantage against the City, making its rent prices higher. The difference in prices is necessary as can be explained by the simple law of supply and demand. If the rent prices are the same with the West End and the City, there will be shortage of space in the West End resulting to overcrowding while none will stay in the City. In the presence of excess demand, the owners of land will be able to increase the price, thereby creating a disparity between the West End and the City price. Simply put, the law of demand will work for the land owners, maintaining the price differences between the two locations. Amenities are also better in the West End than the City. Being the centre of industry and commerce, amenities will be located in the cities making it more attractive and nearer to residence in the West End. This adds convenience to those who are in this place, thus it has to be compensated by a higher price. Von Thnen also mentioned the difference in land use and intensity causing differences in prices (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Since the land in the West end is mainly used for commercial purposes, where tenants expect a higher return than in the City, land prices can be increased. Von Thnen also mentioned the importance of centrality in pricing, saying that "it was density of population increasing the profitability of commerce and providing for the division and specialization of labour that commanded higher municipal rents" (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.) FLUCTUATING RENTAL RATES The simple law of supply and demand can be used to explain cyclical pattern in rents. Both locations, the City and the West End show fluctuation in rental rates. Some empirical studies have identified reasons for this. We are going to study each factor and relate it to existing economic theories. It has been found that employment growth account for the fluctuations in rental rate (Robert H. Edelstein). Accordingly, employment growth affects per capita income in a positive direction. With income being a determinant of demand, high employment growth will cause high demand for housing and land. With the increased capacity to purchase, over-all demand for space will be increased thereby increasing the prices of houses, offices and lands. This is observed at the time in 1973 and 1974, in 1987-1990, 2000-20001, and 2007-2008 in

Marketing in action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing in action - Essay Example This is a medium sized care that fits within the requirement of the paper (Smith, Berry, & Pulford 2002). The BMW 3 series model is simply an economy model and very efficient and doing well in the market. This car is approximately 4, 5 meter long and is reported to cost 26,000 dollars and subsequently offers space for five adults. The competitors of BMW 3 series include Audi A4, Opel Vectra, Mercedes Benz C Class, Mazda 6, Volkswagen Passat, and Ford Mondeo (Kotler 1994). The basic reasons that necessitate the division of the market into very small segments include easier marketing. This simply indicates the fact that it is easier to address the various needs of the smaller groups of consumers, specifically if they have several characteristics that are common. Further, it helps in finding the niches which simply means that when the un-served or under-served markets are recognized. Segmentation can make it possible for a new product or company to target a market that is less congested or that which has new consumers (Smith, Berry, & Pulford 2002). Finally, it also helps a company be efficient which simply means efficient use of the marketing resources through focusing on some of the best segments for the offering such as promotion, product, place, and price. Segmentation, targeting and positioning can therefore ensure that the company does not send its messages or products to the wrong individuals (David 2001). Separation of the market simply starts with defining of the entire market. After division of the market into different segments, a particular segment that is seen as profitable should be selected. The very last two steps are reported to be the product positioning within the market and consequently adjusting the proper market mix. Kotler states that four criteria are significant in segmenting a market and include geographical, demographic, psycho graphical, and behavior criteria. Positioning on the

Academic Skills (Economics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Academic Skills (Economics) - Essay Example It is up to me to keep up with the growing information and use it in my learning situation. I am therefore obligated to acquire the standard transferable skills for any academic study. I am not only required to be literate, numerate and to have computer competency, but also acquire and exhibit capabilities, attitudes and qualities necessary for me to fit in the modern world. Being an international student, taking business economics, I am aware of some personal strength that will enable me to enhance my academic skills. One such strength is my potential and willingness to learn. I strongly believe that, that is where it all begins. No human being knows everything and as such, the more willing one is to learn, the faster they can absorb new ideas and concepts. I am a young learner with a growing cognitive capacity and my past academic achievement motivate me to learn more. I am also very decisive. Over the years I have developed strong decision – making skills that have enabled me to use my time effectively – not waste it. I can quickly define a problem, outline alternatives and figure out a solution. This skill enables me to make choices in my day to day activities and also important ones e.g. in shaping my course and in future my career. I am also good at information finding. I have learnt the art of research in the libraries, in data bases and even through other people by networking. This important for my academic skills because information is the basis of most of the studies that I will take. Information is dynamic and it multiplies with time. In my coursework, I will be required to be up to date with information and use it effectively to enhance my work. I am a team - worker. I work very well with others in a group. I participate actively, contribute to research work; attend meeting and give feedback. This will enable me to take on the academic skills group tasks smoothly. Self - teaching is another one of my strengths. I do not always rely on tutors to teach me. I find it more fulfilling to engage myself in activities that 'teach me through discovery. It makes learning much more interesting. This way, I can acquire skills that will last throughout my coursework and even later in life. Another skill I like to practice is innovation. I like doing things differently, to incorporate my self - identity in my work. It allows me to develop creativity and originality. It is the one reason why I prefer to engage my mind rather to copy someone's work e.g. in doing as assignment. It is definitely one of my strengths. Though some people may not look at it this way, meeting deadlines is a strength. I am very organized and as a result, I always make deadlines. Lectures will not have to chase me up to hand in my work. Know how and use of information communication technology is also proving very useful. The world today is very dynamic and technology has become a necessity. The fact that I am well versed with ICT will make acquiring and sing the necessary academic skill very easy. Self - discipline is a major boost in my life including academics. I make a plan of study based on the modules and I stick to it. I organize assignments and coursework in a time schedule to ensure that they are done on time and handed in by the deadline. I am disciplined to the extent that I do not miss any lectures or seminars. I do not take any oft hem for granted. I also have great interpersonal skills. I can relate with anyone. At the university, there is a large number of people of diverse culture. Some of them can even help me acquire different skills. I will also be acquired to work in a group sometimes and also interact with lectures. All this will put my interpersonal skill to good use. I have a positive mind- set. Nothing is too

Teamwork And Leadership Skills Management Essay

Teamwork And Leadership Skills Management Essay An organization is a formal group of people with one or more shared goals. Organisation has people working for them with the sole motive of making profits for the company. It is rightly said by Lewis B. Ergen, The ratio of Wes to Is is the best indicator of the development of a team. According to Henry Ford Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success. The concept of two or more people working collectively is called a team. It is also define by the Websters dictionary that teamwork is a combined action by a group of people who keep their personal interest and opinions aside for the unity and integrity of the group. Though this is a definition but it does not imply that the individual people in the organisation are not important unless they are in a group. Meaning or definition of teamwork, in general terms means that efficient and effective team efforts are always ahead of the individuals reach. The best result of teamwork is produced when all individual in the group are focused towards one common objective or goal. In order to inspire the employees to a greater level, companies need a Leader. I believe in the saying that Leaders are made not born. Anyone who has the willpower and the desire can be a potential leader. Leaders can be developed by proper education, experience over the years and the right training. Over the period of time, the leaders also have to keep them up-to-date by the process of continuous learning. Thus, leadership is a process which is used to motivate other people in order to achieve the desired goals and objectives of the company. A perfect example of a leader is Mahatma Gandhi, who fought the non-violence fight for the freedom of his nation, India, having the entire nation as his follower. ROLE OF TEAMWORK Over the years, teamwork has become an extremely important term for any company. It has been laid down in the culture at workplace and hence making it a major and crucial part of the selection process for many companies. All companies understand the importance and the wonders what team can do. Organisations believer that nothing is impossible if all great minds, work together. There is a very famous saying that there is no I in the word Team. Having teams can result in faster and efficient outputs with better decision making skills. The various advantages of teamwork for all organisations are: It improves profitability as well as productivity as all the employees are highly motivated and skilled. There is a major reduction in wastage which in turn reduces the cost. A team leader constantly keeps a regular check on the quality of the products. The level of motivation within employees is also increased due to development of the personnel by exchange of great thoughts and idea within teams. Recognition of individual members within teams also motivates member to put more efforts. It also leads to low turnover rate of absenteeism is also reduced as employees develop a sense of belonging towards the company. All complex issues or decision are handled in a better manner and at a faster rate. Therefore, the all critical issues of the company are dealt with greater variety of knowledge experience and skill. ROLE OF LEADERSHIP A leader needs to perform the following to remain on his position. Encourages the heart   A leader should enjoy all the moment of glory with the followers whereas try to restrict the sad news away from them. Enable others to act   It is extremely important for a leader to provide other with all possible tools and ideas at the leaders disposal to the members which could help in quicker decision making. Model the way   the basic difference between a manager and a leader is that a manager will tell others what to do and how to do it , whereas a leader will actually perform the task himself and then ask others to follow by doing the same. Challenge the process   A leader also brings about change in the organisation. Since the managers role is to guide what he has bee told by the top management but leader, initiates new developments and seeks things for improvement. Inspire a shared vision   A good leader should never hide anything from his followers. The leaders should share all his ideas and plans with the followers. Leadership theory models can explain more Bass Theory of Leadership In order to understand, how normal people can become Leaders, we can analyse Bass theory of leadership which says there are three major theories which can explain this phenomena: People are born with difference in traits or personalities that may naturally take the individual to perform leadership role. This theory is known as the trait theory. In case of a crisis or a deadly situation, the person who stands up on that moment which brings out the astonishing qualities in a normal man is called the Great Events theory. Some people can choose to become leaders and learn the required leadership skills. This theory is called the transformational or process theory of leadership. It is widely used theory these days, universities and colleges are having special courses and lecture to guide students who plan to become great leaders of the future. CHARECTORSTICKS OF A TEAM IN A WORKPLACE Leadership- it is important for all teams to have a leader who could provide them with right direction and guide them. The leader of the team should not consider himself above the team members, A team leaders is the one who work as a part of team, keeping all members joined together. Clear goal- all members of the team should have a clear idea of what has to be done. The objectives should be SMART, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time bound. Results-driven structure- the teams should be given some freedom from the management in order to try different ways in which they feel that the output can improve. The team leader should have enough authority to change things around a little. All competent team members- it is vitially important for any team to have good team members. One bad fish can dirty the entire pond, similarly, if one member is not contributing as expected of him, the work is divided among other member of the team. Unified commitment- the member should only have one common goal and not few separate individual goals as difference in motives might lead to conflicts within teams. Collaborative climate- A team must posses a climate that has clouds full of trust, respect and honesty among the team members for each other as well as the team leader. High standards- it is very important for the leader to set a high standard for the members as they should know what is expected from them. Just by having bold meeting and saying big words wont make any difference, the leader has to perform his duty and demonstrate how are things needed to be done. External support and encouragement- A team comprises of many individuals, all oh who are thirsty for appreciation and encouragement from their managers and leaders for the efforts. Motivation also plays a key role in better output of a team. CHARACTERISTIC OR FACTORS OF LEADERSHIP Leader- A team leader should be honest, intelligent, and understanding person, who should know his capabilities and capacity. The level of success of the leader is determined by the followers and not the leader himself therefore, in order to be a good and successful leader, the person should be able to convince his followers about the things he can achiever by their support and hard work. Followers- different companies require different kinds of leaders and their abilities. A company like Anita Rodricks Body Shop requires a leader to be human oriented, who could lead the team by motivating them at every step and consider the followers as a part of the business, whereas in companies like MacDonalds, a followers are normal part time staff members, who learn the job in a day and thus need a leader with close supervision. Communication- two-way communication is the key for any successful teamwork in any company. Communication forms a very basis of any team, mostly the non-verbal form. It is very important that the leader communicates his vision across to all the members and the members in return communicate their responses to the change and how can they contribute towards it. Situation- it is extremely important for a leader to be able to adapt him-self according to the changing situations on a daily basis. For instance a people-oriented leader, who usually tends to soft towards employees, has to take a firm decision of telling some one they cant go on leave due to high work pressures, and deadlines. The situation normally has more impact on the leaders act rather than his traits due to the fact that, leaders can stabilise their inner traits over a period of time but difference in situations is the real test for any leader. Due to this reason many authors have claimed the situational theory more effective than the process or the trait theory. BELBINS TEAM ROLES If a team wishes to have 100% success, the members should have one of the following eight roles formulated by Dr, Meredith Belbin, called as the Belbin team roles. These roles are: The MONITOR-EVALUATOR, one who contributes a specific study by the help of objectivity and stops. The PLANT is a member who has original ideas, solutions, suggestions and plans. TEAM WORKER performs even if other members fail to contribute their respective part of the work and works even under immense work pressures. The IMPLEMENTOR is the person who, implements the taken decision into meaningful information and implements the decision into manageable tasks. The RESOURCE INVESTIGATOR is a member who thinks out of the box and gathers information from all possible sources and starts the discussion e.g. sales people of the team. The CO-ORDINATOR is the one who combine all the other members together and reminds the member of their task and set objectives on a daily basis in order to lay down the daily agenda. The SHAPER provides direction and shape to the team and their efforts, but does not really interfere in the discussion. The FINISHER is the one who keeps reminding all the member of the deadline and the urgency being a bit hard. Thus, as discussed above, that different situations require different team members contribution. For instance- all new teams would require a good shaper, competitive situations would require an innovator, who could provide innovative ideas to have a differentiated product or service. CRITICAL REVIEW The main reason that affect any team is its- Purpose and mission The most important and the basic requirement for any team for be successful is to have clear purpose and mission of the company which explains the team, what they have to do and then they make their own short and long term goals in order to decide how to achieve them. We can illustrate motivation by a simple hypothetical situation. In a construction company project, there are group of electricians hired to perform all the work related to making cable terminals. The company assumed they would work together, after two months, all the electricians were about to leave the job on asking the reason, they explained that they were having issues with maintaining their focus as they could not maintain their interest in their jobs because some of them were conduit specialist, some being good at cable trays while other who did not directly work with cable terminals. Thus the company got the problem and realised that is the purpose of any job is different between members they will tend to have conflicts and result in lack of motivation as well. Along with clear purpose and mission, motivation has also be described as a key element of the driving factors behind a successful team. If the teams are not fully motivated by their leaders, how ever the big company is, whatever the money involved is, without inner drive or the urge to attain something is missing, nothing could be achieved. It it is the prime duty of the team leader to keep his team highly motivated and make them ready to crack and hard rock that comes on their way to success. PRATICAL EXAMPLE Leadership I work in Mark Spencer for the past two years in London; we have a busy retail outlet. Recently, during the Christmas period, our Sales Team leader/ supervisor in the store had to take a leave for 2 weeks. Being the most experienced member after him, I had to take the responsibility on my shoulders and ensure that the targets of the team werent hampered due to his absence. At the beginning it all seemed out of place, i)various tasks needed to be completed for Christmas ii) I was the youngest member of the team yet the leader of the lot. This is where my degree in Business management came to be applied, through application theories and techniques learnt at University, I was able to become the leader of the team, having an approach of management of commitment and not management of control, along with other management skills like planning, implementation, delegation, control I was able to run the store smoothly for those 2 weeks. Teamwork: Working in MS, we mostly have a team of 15 employees working in a shift, along with 2 supervisors and 2 line managers. We are always busy during special days like Valentines and Christmas day, during Christmas time, our store was really busy and we were also short of staff being the festival season. There was a team of 7 employees and 3 being new Christmas staff. I was the most experienced staff at that point of time and all my supervisors assigned me work, so I had to co-ordinate that work among my team members and I had to act as a team leader. I asked them to divide the task in different sections and try to finish it as soon as possible and then let me know when they were done and by this we reached are daily targets and the managers appreciated my work and contribution towards sales. CONCLUSION Thus, teamwork is an essential feature for all modern companies. They believe if all their employees are equipped with good teamwork skills, it can also lead to their competitive edge and hence teamwork has been laid down in the recruitment and selection process of the workforce in order to get the right man, for the right job at the right place and at the right time. Teamwork, without a leader is like boat in the middle of the sea but have no idea where to float. The leader along with providing direction also binds the team together and aligns all the members towards the companys goal. A good leader and a strong team is all a company needs in order to capture any market in the modern world. Thought not always all members get along well, the problems with teams are, many a times not all members contribute equally and like to pas the buck onto other shoulders, thinking that they would not be caught by anyone. But due this reason there are taken out of the team and new member is introduced. It is the duty of the leader to make sure all members in the team are happy with each other and performing to a level that will take them towards success.

Why We Should Stick To Qwerty :: essays research papers

Why We Should Stick To Qwerty Computer Science 10 The Qwerty keyboard - named Qwerty because the letters q, w, e, r, t, y are arranged next to each other - has been the universal standard since the beginning of the 1890s. Since then, there have been many proposals by other keyboard makers to market products that would enable users to type faster. Other proposals put the most frequently used letters - dhiatensor - in the middle row.i Although these keyboards enable users to type far faster than the qwerty keyboard, they are rarely sold. There are several reasons for this. First, there is no need for the regular users to type any faster than at the current speed. Second, for the people whose job require fast typing, the new keyboards can lead to bigger health problems that develop from continuous typing. Third, and most importantly, standardization has led the qwerty keyboards to firmly hold the position as the keyboard. There are major differences between the two types of keyboard users; the regular users and the other typists. The regular users are people who uses the keyboard for word processing, e-mailing, and internet; there is not much of a need for them to type extremely fast. They do not type mechanically but rather based on their thought, and thinking takes time. In other words, faster keyboards are irrelevant for them because they are not continuously typing. They need to think what they are going to write, one sentence one after another. On the other hand, the typists whose job is simply to type, do so continuously. They also happen to be the major victims of repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) which is in large part caused by continuously stroking the keyboards. In an article about RSI, Huff explains the changes that the companies are undergoing to become more productive: Many work practices are changing with automation to increase productivity. These include fewer staff, heavier workloads, more task specialization, faster pacing of work, fewer rest breaks, more overtime, more shift work and nonstandard hours, and more piece work and bonus systems. These work practices can entail very prolonged rapid or forceful repetitive motions leading to fatigue and overuse of muscles.ii Because RSI is a major problem to the typists, it would be a suicidal move for them to adopt faster typable keyboards. More of them will develop RSI. As for the companies that hire these typists, not only will the frequency of RSI development increase, the amount of money that the companies have to compensate to the employees who develop RSI will also increase.

Mining group gold: How to cash in on the collaborative brain power of a team for innovation and results Essay

Mining Group Gold Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To be a collaborative leader, there are crucial behaviors that one needs to understand. It requires one to be good at building collaborative partnerships. Additionally, this demands facilitation of team work within individual group and across work groups, committees, problem solving teams and in task forces. Studying group gold mining enables one to learn to be more accomplished in the field of facilitative leadership, whereby one leads from the center of the team rather than from the top of individual pyramid (kayser, 2011). This assists in acquiring important facilitation strategies and skills necessary in carrying an individual team to new heights in the pursuit of innovative thinking. This essay will discuss the five basic steps for mining group gold for the team meeting management while outlining the steps for dealing with emotions. In addition, the paper will explain and describe how mining group gold process will improve teamwork em powerment and effective communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The group session foundation is a clear understanding of its purpose, and the desired outcome. The purpose of the session is the reason why the group has been called and it should be clearly written. On the other hand, desired outcomes which may also be called goals are specific statement identifying what is to be in the time of the session during the time spent in the session. Therefore, when people leave a session, they will know specifically what was completed, and what wasn’t .The desired outcome gives a description of the session being conducted, provide focus during the session and create common expectations for all the participants. In addition, they provide a benchmark against which the outcomes can be compared to gain a sense of the session’s productivity. A team without a desired outcome will definitely fail. Confused and frustrated group members may be tangled in endless arguments over every purpose of the meeting. Furthermore, a group’s purpose and the desired outcome helps a group gets back on track when necessary.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A facilitator helps a group free from internal obstacles or difficulties so that it may effectively pursue the achievement of the desired outcomes of the group. Facilitation occurs any time a group member behaves in a manner that makes the group advance towards developing or refining a structure, making certain information and data are shared and getting rid of any internal blockages hindering the accomplishment of the desired outcome of the session. Although only one person is appointed to be the facilitator, all the other team members are designated to be secondary facilitators. The scribe and the time keeper also act as support for the facilitator as well. The time keeper does this by accurately taking into account the time taken for each agenda and alerting the facilitator when the group is using more or less that he allotted time the scriber helps the group, not only by making precise notes of the group session, but also by listing wh atever action items may have been identified.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the manager or the team leader, acting as the primary facilitator, being able to deal with feelings is the single most critical facilitation skill to be honed. Feeling is information that need to be processed and a primary facilitator should guide that process using the following sequence: feelings, facts and emotions. (Kayser, 2011) To begin with, when a group is in the feelings stage, it is pointless to ignore them.to handle this stage, feelings must be acknowledged as real and accepted. At any time in this stage, the primary facilitator encourages individuals to express their emotions in an organized way. Secondly, the primary facilitator is in a position to help the group generate and use fact and to identify and analyze the problem. The group should the facts in a less emotional way. Once the facts have been identified, the group is now ready to generate the potential solutions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mining gold group will help improve teamwork by inviting everyone to participate in the meeting and during regular work assignments. For instance anyone can facilitate the meeting and everyone has their own responsibilities. The process can help empower members since the leader addresses the group in a circle rather than in a pyramid where it is hard to reach him. The scribe and the time keeper are also empowered in a group. Employees work together hence it strengthens their relationship with each other and with the leader.in a gold mine group, anyone can voice their opinion and what they feel about a situation like new hires, layoff and deadlines. This helps improve communication.in addition, they have a policy where member are to each communicating to each other and not at each other talking to each other and not at each other. This enables people to listen to each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To sum up, groups are the life blood of organizations. Sitting down with group of people is often the right way to process the information and achieve goals. Groups are better because they can think in more verity and they can process more knowledge. Unfortunately sometimes the objectives are not realized (kayser, 2011). On the other hand, the group may realize its full potential and produce a superior output which encourages people to be committed to it and they feel satisfied with it. Therefore mining group gold is a very powerful technique. References Kayser, T. A. (2011). Building team power: How to unleash the collaborative genius of teams for increased engagement, productivity, and results. New York: McGraw-Hill. Kayser, T. A. (2011). Mining group gold: How to cash in on the collaborative brain power of a team for innovation and results. New York: McGraw-Hill Source document

Amateur College Athletes Essay Example

Amateur College Athletes Essay Example College Athletes Review Essay Sample College Athletes Review Essay Sample The topic of paying college athletes has been the most debated issue in collegiate athletics for decades. Every autumn it is renewed with the new force. Despite the longstanding debates, it is, however, difficult to say â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† to the question whether amateur athletes should be paid to play or not. The existing situation must be examined from all points of view. A role of college athletes has drastically changed over the last two centuries and should be re-examined. Beginning as a means to â€Å"build character or contribute to an individual’s intellectual development† for middle- and upper-class students, athletic participation is no more an extracurricular activity that hardly demands a few hours a week (Flowers 346). Nowadays, collegiate athletics is a multi-million-dollar entertaining enterprise. Television broadcast revenues of college sports have soared to nearly $2 billion a year as CNBC has reported. Revenues from merchandising and other licensing rights were estimated to be $4.6 billion in 2012. Meanwhile, players do not see a dime from using their images on jerseys and video games. The athlete conferences are reluctant to acknowledge the athletes as their employees as it will entail serious payments and tax-exempts. Amateur Athletes Should Be Paid to Play For the last several years, a series of lawsuits was filed in the courts concerning violations of NCAA regulations on any unauthorized benefits. The Ohio State merchandise scandal ousted football coach Jim Tressel. A series of financial scandals at the Fiesta Bowl led to a $1 million fine, the firing of Fiesta Bowl CEO John Junker and the indictment of five other bowl employees (Taylor). Meanwhile, what really can change the situation with amateurism is the lawsuit led by former UCLA basketball star Ed O’Bannon, who sues the NCAA with antitrust violations of law and seeks revenues from TV broadcasts of college games during and after their collegiate careers, as well as profits from merchandise licensing fees on video games and paraphernalia. The court ruling has moved the O’Bannon suit another step closer to bringing compensation and more rights to college athletes (Waldron). The main governing body for college athletics is the National Collegiate Athletic Association. The NCAA’s stand on paying student-athletes, as they prefer to call them, is categorical. NCAA president Mark Emmert is â€Å"adamantly opposed to† compensations for students, â€Å"As long as Im president of the NCAA, we will not pay student-athletes to play sports† (Roberts). That stubborn stance comes from the old definition of college athletes as student-athletes. The hypocrisy hidden here is double-folded. Firstly, the amateur athletes are no longer as amateur as they used to be. They spend on training around 50 hours a week during the season with a â€Å"grueling workout of running, weight training, and cardiovascular conditioning, including long-distance running and wind sprints† (McCormick 106). Secondly, a term ‘student-athlete’ implies that a person is not mere an athlete, but is closely engaged in the educational process. Emmert states tha t they provide athletes â€Å"with world class educations† (Roberts). However, in reality, college athletes are more employees than students, and their relationship with their universities is an economic one (McCormick 106). Ivy League schools supported the NCAA’s decision not to pay their athletes. The league, composed of eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern U.S., has a strict policy regarding academic standards for their athletes and does not provide sports scholarships. Executive director of the conference Robin Harris says, â€Å"We’re not going to do a stipend. Our general philosophy is that our athletes should be treated as close as possible to our students† (Eichelberger). The offer of a stipend was introduced two years ago. In 2011, Division I schools were allowed to pay their athletes an additional $2,000 to cover their college tuition/ the gap between athletic scholarships and the true cost-of-attendance, which includes the tuition, room-and-board, books and other expenses. Not only does the stipend look like an inadequate sum (when a scholarship is worth $15,000 to $45,000 a year), but some universities disagreed that they could afford it. The motion was put on hold. At the same time, the universities can afford keeping coaches with bloated wages. A college coach can make as much as a professional coach, especially if one speaks about football. In 2011, Ohio State signed with football coach Urban Meyer a six-year contract worth $24 million. Top three football coaches earn around 5 million a year each (Warner). With the existing state of affairs, almost everyone, but athletes benefit from the colleges seeing an increase in application to the athletic conferences reaping revenues for TV translations and selling the themed merchandise. Not all people seem to understand what it is like to be both an athlete and a student. The statistics from USA Today highlights that a typical player spends 45 hours per week on sports, which includes playing games, practicing and training (qtn in Linvill). Add to it approximately 40 hours that have to be spent on school, and it is clear that no time is left for a job to earn some extra money like all students do. Athletes have short careers. Best years are spent working for free. Injuries happen. This year, the University of Louisville basketball player Kevin Ware suffered one of the most horrible knee injuries (Laird) during a March Madness game. Ware’s recovery goes well, but if the problem will flare up later in life, no insurance is there to compensate for additional medical care. That was the case for the former University of Oklahoma basketball player Kyle Hardrick, who helped Putnam City High School win the 6A state championship in 2009 and sustained a serious knee injury at University of Oklahoma in 2010. Hardrick’s health insurance did not cover all medical bills, and now he is in litigation with the NCAA for a hardship waiver (Casteel). The tradition not to pay athletes has had a long history. Sports used to be viewed by college officials as â€Å"tolerated affairs† necessary only to â€Å"let go off some steam† and get fresh for intellectual activity (Flowers 345). It was organized by students with no help from the administration. Later, the leadership of universities understood that the student-run sporting activities can be used for marketing purposes to improve the image of educational institutions and to attract new students. The potential commercial possibilities were seen by sponsoring entrepreneurs. Thus, by the 1870s, â€Å"the foundation of intercollegiate athletics had been established† (347). With time, the student’s organization was substituted with business structures - professional coaches were hired; an extensive staff was needed to serve the whole college sports enterprise; proper stadiums were built; spectators were charged for viewing (351). From the very beginning, co llege sports were separate from the educational objective of higher education. Increasing demands for victories and successful athletic programs brought into the game â€Å"tramp† or â€Å"migrant† athletes who were not up to par academically but enjoyed the high performance athletic abilities (354). The amateurism concept let the elite institutions reconcile with the presence of working class athletes within their walls without losing their prestige. It begot the hypocrisy when in order to win competitions, universities had to have sports on the professional level, and in order to keep up respectability, they had to call it amateurism as it was ungentlemanly to receive money for doing sports. Therefore, it is possible to see that the intricate invention of the amateur code was a result of commercialization of college sports, and it was hypocritical from the very beginning. The next step in securing the right not to pay athletes was made by the NCAA fifty years ago. The National Collegiate Athletic Association introduced the term ‘student-athlete’ to describe the young men and women who are athletes at their member schools. The stress on underscoring the status of both a student and athlete hides the fact that in reality, they are the NCAA employees. The myth of student-athletes has worked for many decades as a shield for the athletic conferences allowing them to obtain the overwhelming monetary gain in comparison to the bare minimum provided for athletes (McCormick 74). College sports are a multi-billion-dollar industry. By way of one example, in 2003, the NCAA signed with CBS a $6 billion-worth 11-year deal for the right to broadcast the annual men’s basketball tournament March Madness (McCormick 74). Meanwhile, college athletes are compensated with grants-in-aid, such as accommodation, tuition, books, and other education related expenses, without the possibility to spend as they choose and work to make some extra money themselves. According to all legal standards, student-athletes are treated like employees: they perform services for the benefit of their universities; their daily lives are strictly regulated and controlled by the coaching staff. Their student status is subverted by demanding playing and training schedules with the football and men’s basketball seasons lengthened over time, or with a requirement to enroll in weight-training courses outside the permissible practice season, or attendance ‘voluntary’ practices on top of the required twenty hours per week (141). Students who once went to school only for an education and participated in these kinds of competitions in their free time now often attend these same universities solely for the purpose of participating in sports. The sub-standard academic performance among some athletes is the further evidence that they do not function primarily as students. Universities create academically undemanding courses primarily predominantly for athletes, not to mention special treatment from professors cutting athletes some slack and going easy on their weak academic performance (144). The final nail in the coffin of the student-athlete concept is low graduation rates among college athletes, which shows that they are not primarily students. Many non-athletic students leave school without graduating due to financial reasons. For grants-in-aid athletes, the situation should be reversed. Under otherwise equal conditions, college athletes should graduate at much higher rates than regular students in general; yet they do not. Studies show that sports success can contribute to lower graduation rates of players (152; Grimm 18). According to a recent Penn GSE report â€Å"Black Male Student –Athletes and Racial Inequities in NCAA Division I College Sports,† only about half of black male student athletes graduated within six years, and 97.4% of BCS institutions graduated black male student athletes at rates lower than undergraduate students overall (Harper, Williams, and Blackman). The pressure to succeed at the highest level takes the focus away from the â₠¬Ëœstudent’ in student-athlete. Over the last fifty years, the revenue-generating college sports have had the increased number of African-Americans. In fact, today, black male student athletes are 57.1% of college football players and 64.3% of college basketball players (Damario). Given multi-billion-dollar TV deals for the mainly white NCAA institutions, profitable merchandising deals for universities, and high wages for coaches, many view black amateur athleticism as â€Å"the new plantation† akin to the â€Å"exploitation endured by internally colonized people in the system of slavery† (Hawkins 13). Young athletes are lured into universities by perspectives to ‘make it’ to the pro-level. Meanwhile, it is a destiny of few. The rest often either lose their health after injuries, or turn out to be lacking â€Å"educational and life skills†, when their short sports life comes to an end (Damario). Therefore, the true nature of relationship between the NCAA and college athletes is one of an employer and employee. It was unintentionally confirmed in the statement of the American Athletic Conference commissioner Mike Aresco. â€Å"We will not pay players,† said Aresco last month. â€Å"That is not what college athletics is all about, and it is the road to ruin. We will not establish an employer-employee relationship† (Heitner). The true reason behind the NCAA reluctance to pay for playing is the fact that it will result in huge losses. First of all, they will lose their valuable tax-exempt status. Second, if student-athletes are recognized as employees that will result in the full package: additional costs, including potential workers’ compensation for injuries, medical insurance, retirement benefit plans, etc. Proponents of the non-payment variant claim that even without getting cash, in the economic sense, student-athletes at a major conference school on full scholarship are â€Å"paid $50,000 and $125,000 per year depending on their sport and whether they attend a public or private university† in the form of â€Å"education, room, board, and coaching/training† (Dorfman). However, not all student-athletes are able to receive a scholarship, and not all scholarships cover the full cost of college. In addition, many full-scholarship athletes live below the poverty line (Mc 79). Actually, the point that college athletes are provided with all necessary such as educational and living expenses can easily be refuted by a mere assumption that it is not all that people need in that life. College athletes may need to support their families or any other expenses not covered by ‘grants-and-aid’. Another argument in the discourse is that college athletes are exposed to publicity that is able to gain them contracts in pro-teams. It is supposedly easier to evaluate their sporting performance after observing their college athletic careers. It is a relevant argument, though it concerns only top players. In reality, a great number of college athletes do not become professional athletes. Only 2% of the NCAA football players and 1.3% of men’s basketball players joined professional leagues in 2006. Some never become professionals because of injuries suffered in college (McCormick 79). Also, paying college athletes is considered non-realistic as it will provoke problems between the revenue and non-revenue sports, better and worse players, male and female athletes. Will it be fair if a football player gets more than a field hockey player? No, it will not. The life is unfair. Non-revenue sport participants should just accept it as it is. If a sport is unable to keep itself afloat, then there is no need for the school to keep it around. In other professions, people also do not obtain equal payments; all depends on the amount of abilities and talent. Supporters of the ‘non-payment-for-college-athletes’ concept cannot see the difference between college sporting activities and any other extracurricular activities, such as flag corps, cheerleading, chorus, band apart from their living expenses paid for. It is being left aside that regular students have classes and free time that they can spend as they wish either for additional learning, earning extra money, or socializing. Meanwhile, for student-athletes, education cannot be their first concern as demanding playing schedules effectively bar them from studying as true students and leave no time for an extra job. The main culprit in the existing situation is the presence of the NCAA. It is absurd that the money do not go directly to the schools which the players represent but to a third party organization. Not least because the American public, including athletes, has taken in stride the widespread inequities that the most revenue-generating college sports programs were ridden with. The NCAA has no right to appeal to amateurism as there is no such thing. As Taylor Branchsep concludes in his article â€Å"The Shame of College Sports,† â€Å"any attempt to create [a legal definition of amateur] in enforceable law would expose its repulsive and unconstitutional nature- a bill of attainder, stripping from college athletes the rights of American citizenship.† While the O’Bannon case is not finalized, in November, Sports Illustrated.com informed that it â€Å"took a major step towards empowering current and future college athletes† by both parts to begin settlement discussions. The NCAA remains a defendant in the case. In 2011, Sports Illustrated published an editorial in favor of allowing college athletes to be paid by outside sources without compromising their eligibility (Branchsep). The educational premise that lays in the basis of amateur athletics is absolutely unnecessary; in fact, high-level sporting activities are often perceived as a distraction for proper academic results. When placing college sporting activities within a proper historical context, the understanding comes that its role in the higher education must be revised. â€Å"People generally had no idea what was occurring in the college philosophy or history class, but could easily relate to the institution through a visible athletic program† (Flowers 352). Mixing education with high-profile entertainment turned to be not the best idea in the long run. The solution is to employ the best athletes to win and pay them for promoting their institutions, or separate sporting activities and not mix them up with the higher education. With thoroughly commercialized college sports, college athletes deserve some kind monetary compensation for all the work they put into promoting the prestige of university sports teams. It should be nothing outrageous like what professionals make but just something equivalent to what an average college student would make at a part-time job.

The Many Faces of La Llorona Essays

The Many Faces of La Llorona Essays The Many Faces of La Llorona Paper The Many Faces of La Llorona Paper La Llorona, the Crying Woman, is a tale of endless versions told over the centuries by an endless array of anonymous storytellers to scare curious children into doing as they are told. The literary form of orality, though fluid and dynamic, is in this case the force behind the cohesion of the contents of the various versions of this Chicano legend. I shall show that the different contents found in the multiple versions of La Llorona are of the same form, and further, that the variations depend on the locale of settled Chicano populations. In truth, the farther away a distinct Chicano population is from its cultural heritage, the more opaque and sinister the mystic tale of La Llorona is told within that local population. Let us look back to the beginning, the time of Hernando Cortes during Spains conquest over the Aztec tribes of Mexico. This is where the tale of the Crying Woman was said to have begun (La Llorona 79). In this ancient history, La Llorona is part of a holy trinity, mirroring the Christian faith. According to Gloria Anzaldua, All three are mediators: Guadalupe, the virgin mother who has not abandoned us, la Chingada (Malinche), the raped mother whom we have abandoned [Malinche is the basis for many of the La Llorona versions], and la Llorona, the mother who seeks her lost children and is a combination of the other two (3047). We see at the time of the tales birth that the Crying Woman is seen as a mother to the Aztec people and she is crying for her children being lost to the Spaniards and their religion. Here at the origin, amid the still pure Aztec culture, La Llorona is a figure of compassion and respect: not a story to scare children. Though the shortest of the versions, La Llorona in Mexico still has some of the compassion and culture of the long ago displaced Aztec civilization. It reads simply, At night, in the wind, a womans voice was heard. Oh my children, we are now lost! Sometimes she said, Oh my children, where shall I take you? (La Llorona 79). The oral form between this version and the original Aztec version has changed little in content. Both still speak of a sad mother crying for her lost children. However, the meaning between the two has changed. Where the ancient version sees a mother goddess crying for a lost culture, the Mexico version tells of a family in dire straits, lost within the howling winds of the cold night. Time has carried the Mexico version away from its Aztec culture. As a result, the meaning of La Llorona has changed for this group of the Chicano population. In La Llorona in Texas, the contents of the tale have changed drastically from the previous two accounts. In this version, a vaquero [cowboy] sees a haunting vision of the wailing woman near a river. He is terrified of the apparition, and in his terrified state yells at the ghost as he draws his pistol, Now Im going to kill you (La Llorona 80). There is no longer any mention of the children she is known to be crying for in the other versions. Instead, we have a man afraid of a woman, which is a stark contrast to the macho culture of Chicano men. As the Chicano culture moves farther away from its roots, both in distance and time, the more poisoned the tale becomes to its listeners. Even farther away from their ancestral lands than the Chicano populations of Texas are those of California. Within this version, La Llorona in California, the tale has taken on a dark and horrible tone. No longer is the Crying Woman a holy mother, no longer is she a mother with lost children in the ebony night, nor is she just a wandering ghost along a lonely river. Now she has become the stuff of childrens nightmares. One part of the tale goes, She told Him [God] that†¦she had thrown one [her child] down the toilet†¦another had been thrown into the sea†¦and that she had thrown the other one into†¦a river (La Llorona 79). We now are told to see her as a murderous beast that has drowned her own children: a far cry from the noble goddess of the Aztecs known for her compassion. Even more, we are told that she does this deed so to continue her wild life of sin, not wanting to be tied down by children (La Llorona 79). In interviews with two different people of Chicano culture, I found yet two more variations of the tale. In the first interview, with Ofelia Chavez, I was told that the tale of La Llorona was revealed to her by her mother as the story of a weeping mother whose children had died when rossing the Rio Grande River. It is a parable teaching of the dangers of crossing the border. In the second interview conducted with Sallie Babb, La Llorona was the story of a ghostly woman wandering the night in search of children. Babb related to me that as a little girl, her mother would tell her and her siblings not to go out after dark or La Llorona would snatch them away forever. Chavez is from West Texas an d Babb is from the border area of the Rio Grande River. Even with that slight distance between them, the tales that each heard vary in their contents in extreme ways. When asked, neither of them knew of La Llorona as a tale of a compassionate mother-goddess crying for her lost people from the days of the mighty Aztec Empire. As the Chicano culture is separated from its past, it loses respect for itself. Walter Ong has said, †¦oral societies live very much in a present which keeps itself in equilibrium or homeostasis by sloughing off memories which no longer have present relevance (Orality and Literacy 46). So it may be that although the oral literatures may change, it may not necessarily be a detrimental act. Like La Llorona in the view of Chavez, it is a story told to teach of the hazards of the borderlands. Ong also points out, When generations pass and the object or institution referred to by the archaic word is no longer part of present, lived experience, though the word has been retained, its meaning is commonly altered or simply vanishes (Orality and Literacy 47). In other words, when a people forget their roots, they change, or even lose, the oral interpretations handed down from storyteller to storyteller. The result is a loss of self for that people. They have no history that can be recalled to remind them of what they were and how great they were, and more importantly, what they are capable of becoming now. If you cut off the roots of any plant, then it will die. It is the same way with cultures. It is fact that the various versions of La Llorona arise from the distances in both time and miles. But why do these changes occur? It may be that as population groups from one culture amalgamate into the culture of another (i. e. Mexican into American), the smaller population tends to be suppressed by the larger dominant culture. As a result, the smaller population group is either forced unwillingly into blending their oral literature with the opinions of the dominant culture in order to survive in a foreign land, giving up their tales to the past to be lost forever, or adapting the stories to better teach the next generation lessons of life in a changing world. This is why the form of oral literature is so important to who we are as a people and as individuals. How can we know who we are and where we are going if we dont know where we come from? Personally, I cherish the stories my grandfathers would tell of my ancestors and how I came to be a cornucopia of Cherokee, French, German and English heritages that today define who I am in this world. Without orality in literature, I could not possibly with any truth say I know who I am and where Im going. It is a lesson for all of us. Word Count: 1480 Anzaldua, Gloria. from Borderlands/La Frontera. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Gen. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 3042-3065. Babb, Sallie. Personal interview. Testerment, Charles A. 23 September 1998. Chavez, Ofelia. Personal interview. Testerment, Charles A. 16 September 1998. La Llorona. Hispanic American Literature: An Anthology. Ed. Rodolfo Cortina. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Publishing Group, 1998. 79-80. Ong, Walter. Some Psychodynamics of Orality. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. New Y ork: Methven, 1982. 30-77.